Biography of Meriwether Lewis, American Explorer

Meriwether Lewis, born August 18, 1774 in Virginia, is best known as the co-captain of the historic Lewis and Clark Expedition. But in addition to his role as a famed explorer, he was a young plantation owner, a committed military man, a controversial politician, and a confidant of President Jefferson. Lewis died in 1809 of gun shot wounds while en route to Washington, D.C., a trip he undertook with the intentions of clearing his muddled name. Fast Facts: Meriwether Lewis Occupation: Explorer, Governor of Louisiana TerritoryBorn: August 18, 1774,  Albemarle County, VADied: October 11, 1809, near Nashville, TNLegacy: The Lewis and Clark Expedition traversed the country through nearly 8,000 miles, helping consolidate Americas claims to the West. The explorers produced over 140 maps, collected over 200 samples of new plant and animal species, and established peaceful relations with 70 Native American tribes along the way.Famous Quote: As we passed on, it seemed as if those scenes of visionary enchantment would never have an end. Adolescent Planter Meriwether Lewis was born at Locust Hill plantation in Albemarle County, Virginia, on August 18, 1774. He was the eldest of five children born to Lt. William Lewis and Lucy Meriwether Lewis. William Lewis died of pneumonia in 1779 when Meriwether was just five years old. Within six months, Lucy Lewis married Captain John Marks and the new family left Virginia for Georgia. Life on what was then the frontier appealed to young Meriwether, who learned how to hunt and forage on long treks through the wilderness. When he was about 13 years old, he was sent back to Virginia for schooling and to learn the rudiments of running Locust Hill. By 1791, his stepfather had died and Lewis moved his twice-widowed mother and siblings home to Albemarle, where he worked to build a financially stable home for his family and over two dozen slaves. As he grew to maturity, cousin Peachy Gilmer described the young plantation owner as â€Å"formal and almost without flexibility,† determined to the point of obstinacy and filled with â€Å"self-possession and undaunted courage.† Captain Lewis Lewis seemed destined for the life of an obscure Virginia planter when he found a new path. A year after joining the local militia in 1793, he was among the 13,000 militiamen called up by President George Washington to put down the Whiskey Rebellion, an uprising of farmers and distillers in Pennsylvania protesting high taxes. Military life appealed to him, and in 1795 he joined the nascent U.S. Army as an ensign. Soon thereafter, he befriended another Virginia-born officer named William Clark.   In 1801, Captain Lewis was appointed as an aide to incoming President Thomas Jefferson. A fellow Albemarle County planter, Jefferson had known Lewis all his life and admired the younger man’s skills and intellect. Lewis served in this post for the next three years. Jefferson had long dreamt of seeing a major expedition across the American continent, and with the signing of the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, he was able to win funding and support for an expedition to explore and map the new territory to find â€Å"the most direct and practicable water communication across this continent, for the purposes of commerce. Meriwether Lewis was a logical choice to lead the expedition. â€Å"It was impossible to find a character who to a complete science in botany, natural history, mineralogy astronomy, joined the firmness of constitution character, prudence, habits adapted to the woods a familiarity with the Indian manners and character, requisite for this undertaking,† Jefferson wrote. â€Å"All the latter qualifications Capt. Lewis has.† Lewis chose William Clark as his co-captain and they recruited the best men they could find for what promised to be an arduous multi-year trek. Lewis and Clark and their 33-man Corps of Discovery left from Camp Dubois in present-day Illinois on May 14, 1804. Map of the Northwestern United States depicts the route taken by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark on their first expedition from the Missouri River (near St. Louis, Missouri) to the mouth of the Columbia River (at the Pacific Ocean in Oregon), and their return trip, 1804-1806. (Photo by Stock Montage/Getty Images) Over the next two years, four months, and 10 days, the Corps of Discovery covered nearly 8,000 miles to the Pacific coast and back, arriving in St. Louis in early September 1806. Altogether, the expedition created over 140 maps, collected over 200 samples of new plant and animal species, and made contact with over 70 Native American tribes. Governor Lewis Back home in Virginia, Lewis and Clark each received about $4,500 in pay (equivalent to about $90,000 today) and 1,500 acres of land in recognition of their accomplishment. In March 1807, Lewis was appointed governor of the Louisiana Territory and Clark was appointed general of the territorial militia and Agent for Indian Affairs. They arrived in St. Louis in early 1808. In St. Louis, Lewis built a house big enough for himself, William Clark, and Clark’s new bride. As governor, he negotiated treaties with local tribes and tried to bring order to the region. However, his work was undermined by political enemies, who spread rumors that he was mismanaging the territory. Lewis also found himself deeply in debt. In carrying out his duties as governor, he accrued nearly $9,000 in debts—equivalent to $180,000 today. His creditors began to call in his debts before Congress approved his reimbursements. In early September 1809, Lewis set out for Washington, in the hopes of clearing his name and winning his money. Accompanied by his servant, John Pernier, Lewis planned to boat down the Mississippi to New Orleans and sail along the coast to Virginia. Stopped by illness at Fort Pickering, near present-day Memphis, Tennessee, he decided to make the rest of the trip overland, following a wilderness path called the Natchez Trace. On October 11, 1809, Lewis died of gunshot wounds at an isolated tavern known as Grinder’s Stand, about 70 miles southwest of Nashville.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Murder or Suicide? Word quickly spread that the 35-year-old Lewis had committed suicide as the result of depression. Back in St. Louis, William Clark wrote to Jefferson: â€Å"I fear the weight of his mind has overcome him.† But there were lingering questions over what had occurred at Grinder’s Stand on the night of October 10 and 11, with rumors that Lewis had, in fact, been murdered. Over 200 years later, researchers are still divided on how Lewis died. For decades, descendants of the explorer have sought to have his remains exhumed for examination  by forensic experts to see if they can determine if his wounds were self-inflicted or not. To date, their requests have been denied. Sources Danisi, Thomas C.  Meriwether Lewis. New York: Prometheus Books, 2009.Guice, John D.W. Jay H. Buckley. By His Own Hand?:  The Mysterious Death of Meriwether Lewis. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2014.Stroud, Patricia Tyson. Bitterroot:  The Life and Death of Meriwether Lewis. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2018.

My Philosophy Toward Child Development - 876 Words

I will need to develop an Operating Budget considering many things, including caregiver salaries, cleaning supplies cleaning services, leasing agreement, utilities (gas, water, sewer, electricity), learning supplies and other expenses. My plan needs to be successful and efficient. There is a need to prepare and employee handbook with specific rules and policies in regard to attendance, timely arrival, pay schedule, a procedure to request time off and employee discipline procedures, staff certification requirements. Prepare to meet all requirements when renewing state licensure. Review facilities basic health and safety standards, indoor space requirements, adequate lighting, ventilation, fire codes. Carefully note child-to-staff ratios and group sizes and list your specific caregiver qualifications. My vision statement will include my philosophy toward child development and demonstrate I will develop an atmosphere of trust and clear, fair decision-making. I will interact with the children on a daily basis. A child’s intellectual and emotional development is extremely important they need a sturdy foundation I view this profession as an opportunity to make a difference in a child’s/life. Working with young children will be fulfilling and inspiring, but challenging, First, step to start a business I will need confidence and a clear vision of how to execute my plan. Child care business more tightly regulated than many other businesses. Licensing Requirements areShow MoreRelated Philosophy of Child Development Essay1092 Words   |  5 PagesThrough my studies of Early Childhood Education, I have come to form my own philosophy on child development. In HCCF 467: Philosophies and Theories of Child Development, I took the Teacher Belief Inventory which assisted me in expressing my individual philosophy on child development. This inventory is a list of 30 statements for which you rate how strongly you agree or disagree. 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Be All That You Can Be Essay Example For Students

Be All That You Can Be Essay Be All That You Can BeBe all that you can be in the Army. Earn up to $40,000 for college, get valuable training, and have your health at risk for the rest of your life, and dont forget the 30 days paid vacation. I know you all have heard that slogan before, or maybe you should have. That is what the Army should tell you on all of those commercials since they made it mandatory for every soldier to be vaccinated against the deadly illness, anthrax. But, if you refuse the vaccination then you are out of not only a job but also you could serve jail time. Soldiers should not be put in a position where they have to choose between risking their health or losing their job. There are many problems with the vaccine itself. The vaccine has never undergone long term test, so even the Department of Defense has no idea what this could possibly do to soldiers down the road of life. That right there tells you that the Generals in the Pentagon dont care about your life at all. I wonder if our friends, the leaders of our armed forces were also forced to take this vaccine. When the vaccine first became mandatory for all personnel, I was stationed in Korea. Due to the fact that we were overseas, we had the opportunity to be the first troops to receive it. I however was exempt from taking the vaccine because I was leaving the country in the next two months and time wouldnt allow me to receive the shots in proper order. What I witnessed my colleagues go through was enough for me to swear never to except the shots. I saw a large group of people break out in hives and actually had the opportunity to watch one soldier have a seizure. Now, the Army wont say whether or not the seizure had anything to do with the shots but I was fairly certain. The Anthrax vaccine was administered during the Gulf War to soldiers that went over to the Middle East to fight. Now there is an undiagnosed disease called the Gulf War disease. Many soldiers have thought to be exposed to a plethora of chemical weapons during the War. Yet only one of them has been confirmed, that being t he anthrax injections they received before going over there. The anthrax vaccination could be a contributing factor to the Gulf War disease that so many soldiers still suffer from. When the Department of Defense came up with the total military inoculation policy it was all over the news including CNN, because it was so controversial. This is very idiotic if you ask me. Dont you think that Sadaam Hussien and all of the other small threats to the United States watch CNN? Those small countries can afford many different kinds and large quantities of chemical weapons due to their low cost. They are no longer going to even bother launching an anthrax missile at our troops because they know they have a chance at surviving. They will just shoot some other disease filled rocket that they are certain we cannot defend against. When one joins the military there are a number of reasons that could be possible. There is education benefits, training, money, family traditions, and first and foremost, to serve their country. I dont think that anyone would join the military so they could endanger their own health. Sure there is always that knowledge that some day you may be called upon to go to combat, but injuring your health during peacetime is not heroic.If you die while in combat you will most likely be decorated with all kinds of metals and awards for bravery. The only thing that you will get for becoming unhealthy during peacetime is a look at the inside of a VA hospital and poor treatment. You will probably hear every excuse in the world why you are sick all the time, but you will never hear once that it is linked to the shots you were forced to take while you were in the military. .u3b83d8a7c02fbb653149e3560937cb5b , .u3b83d8a7c02fbb653149e3560937cb5b .postImageUrl , .u3b83d8a7c02fbb653149e3560937cb5b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3b83d8a7c02fbb653149e3560937cb5b , .u3b83d8a7c02fbb653149e3560937cb5b:hover , .u3b83d8a7c02fbb653149e3560937cb5b:visited , .u3b83d8a7c02fbb653149e3560937cb5b:active { border:0!important; } .u3b83d8a7c02fbb653149e3560937cb5b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3b83d8a7c02fbb653149e3560937cb5b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3b83d8a7c02fbb653149e3560937cb5b:active , .u3b83d8a7c02fbb653149e3560937cb5b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3b83d8a7c02fbb653149e3560937cb5b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3b83d8a7c02fbb653149e3560937cb5b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3b83d8a7c02fbb653149e3560937cb5b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3b83d8a7c02fbb653149e3560937cb5b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3b83d8a7c02fbb653149e3560937cb5b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3b83d8a7c02fbb653149e3560937cb5b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3b83d8a7c02fbb653149e3560937cb5b .u3b83d8a7c02fbb653149e3560937cb5b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3b83d8a7c02fbb653149e3560937cb5b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Authur Miller EssayIt is the individuals responsibility to be aware of their surroundings. Before some one consumes something that they have never seen before dont they normally say, What is that? Before you take any vaccine you should ask yourself what it is and do the necessary research to find out what it actually is. I am not saying that you will ever come across something so exotic as anthrax, but you should question everything and go with you gut. Following orders only for the reason that someone told you to is ridiculous. You wouldnt hit yourself in the head with a hammer just because some one told you to, so dont inflict any harm on yourself unless you are certain it is your only alternative.

Management Fundamentals Essay Example

Management Fundamentals Essay From the inception in 1958, it has today burgeoned into one of the top line conglomerates in Bangladesh. Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , the flagship company, is holding the strong leadership position in the pharmaceutical industry of Bangladesh since 1985 and is now on its way to becoming a high performance global player. SQUARE  Pharmaceuticals Limited is the largest pharmaceutical company in Bangladesh and it has been continuously in the 1st  position among all national and multinational companies since 1985. It was established in 1958 and converted into a public limited company in 1991.The sales turnover of SPL was more than Taka 7. 5 Billion (US$ 107. 91 million) with about 16. 92% market share (April 2006– March 2007) having a growth rate of about 23. 17% History of Square Pharmaceuticals Limited Square Pharmaceuticals is regarded as the one of the top Pharmaceuticals Company of Bangladesh. A major enhancement occurred in the year 1974 when it signed a Technical Collab oration Agreement with Janssen Pharmaceuticals of Belgium a subsidiary of Johnson Johnson International Ltd. The next advancement occurred in the year 1984 when it signed another Technical Collaboration Agreement with F.Holfman-La Roche Co. Ltd. In 1991 it again changed its form and turned in to a Public Limited Company. It enrolled in both the stock exchange listings in 1995. The company signed an agreement with M/S. Bovis Tanvec Ltd. of UK for implementation of Dhaka Plant in 1996. For its excellence in the field of Quality Management System (QMS) it was awarded ISO-9001 certificate in 1998. The Pharmaceuticals business lines include â€Å"Manufacturing and marketing of Pharmaceuticals finished products, Basic Chemicals and Agro Vet Products†.For extraordinary performance the chairman of the company received national award for entrepreneurship in the year 2000. Square Pharmaceuticals, a voyage through time: Commitment to Quality and Dedication to advanced Technology: 1957 :Humble Debut as a partnership firm. 1958: Manufacture and market the first proprietary medicine EASTON’S syrup, widely used in post malarial convalescence. 1962: Manufacture and market first compressed tablet SANTONIN, an antheimintic. 1964: Transformation into Private Limited Company. 974: Technical Collaboration Agreement with Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Bwrse, Belgium, a subsidiary of Johnson Johnson International, USA- commitment towards world class GMP. 1976: First national company to manufacture and market antibiotic i. e. AMPICILLIN soon after the expiry of patent. It is also the first national company to manufacture and market METRONIDAZOLE in 1977 and CONRIMOXAZOLE in 1978, soon after expiry of their patent. 1982: Licensing agreement signed with F. Holfman- La Roche Ltd. Switzerland. 1985: Achieved market leadership in Pharmaceuticalsceutical market in home country. 987: First national company to export medicine- an industry record.Export market increased continuously : UK (1987), Singapore (1987), Nepal (1990), Pakistan (1996), Yemen (1996), Myanmar (1997), Srilanka (1997), Combodia (1997) and Russia (1997). 1991: Manufacture and market sterile injectable powder using fully automatic and synchronized with electrical control washing, drying, sterilizing tunnel and filling line, again first national company introducing the world class technology. 1992: Turnover crosses the billion Taka mark- another industry record. 993: First national company to manufacture and market sustained release tablet CLOFENAC 100 mg (Diclofanac sodium BP) a NSAID, using its own resources. 1994: Converted in to a Public Limited Company and floated public share with highest premium. 1995: Listed in Dhaka and Chittagong stock exchange. 1997: First international company to manufacture and market metered dose inhaler, Beclomin 200 puffs, an anti-asthmatic i. e. bronchodilator 1998: Achieved ISO 9001 certificate. 1999: Agreement with Bayer AG, Germany; Eisal Co. Ltd. , Japan. or a help in Technical know-how to foreign Pharmaceuticalsceutical company. 2000: Turnover crosses 2. 5 Billion mark-an industry record. 2005: SQUARE Pharma gets approval to export to UK 2006 SAFA (South Asian Federation of Accountants) – an apex body of SAARC (South Asian Association of Regional Cooperation) awarded Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd. the Merit Certificate for the year 2006 in the Manufacturing Sector of SAFA Best Presented Accounts Awards Competition 2006 2009: Awarded as the Enterprise of the year and the winner of Bangladesh Business Award 2009Products of Square Pharmaceuticals Limited The formulation plants are producing wide range of dosage forms like |Tablets : |Non-Coated (plain, chewable, dispersible, vaginal)   | | |Coated (sugar coated, film coated, enteric coated) | | |Sustained/Extended Released (coated, non – coated) | |Capsules : |Granulated Material filled | | |Pellets Filled | |Suppositories : |Suppocire based | |Injections : |Vials contain ing Dry Powder for Injections | | |Small Volume Liquid Parenterals | |Liquids : |Oral Syrups (Sugar based, Non-Sugar based)   | | |Oral Suspensions | | |Topical Liquids | |Spray, Drops, Ointment, Cream and |Small Volume Sterile Eye Ear Drops | |Powder : |Small Volume Nasal Drops Sprays | | |Topical Ointments Creams | | |Topical Antibiotic Powder | |Oral Dry Powders : |Dry Suspensions (Antibiotic Anti Infectives) | | |Dry Syrups (Antibiotics) | |Dry Powder Inhalers : |Partial Filled (Premix) Capsules for Respiratory Tract Application with a Device | |Metered Dose Inhalers : |Pressurized Canisters for Oral use with an Actuator | |Chemical Division started commercial production in 1995.From the year 1997 it started it’s full-fledged production and marketing | |to all top pharmaceuticals within the country including Aventis Pharma, Novartis Bangladesh Ltd. , Glaxo Smith Kline, ACI Ltd. , | |Reckitt Colman, Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , The Acme Laboratories Ltd, Eskayef B angladesh Ltd. , Opsonin Chemicals, Renata | |Ltd. , Essential Drugs Co. Ltd. etc. with good reputation and loyalty. | Capital Structure The capital structure of the Square Pharmaceuticals is as follows: |Components |Taka |Percentage | |Paid Up Capital |67,000,000 |11. 4% | |Creditors |99,125,404 |17. 37% | |Long Term Bank Loan |136,541,244 |23. 93% | |Share Money Deposit |268,000,000 |46. 96% | [pic] Figure: Capital Structure of Square Pharmaceuticals Limited Extraordinary Performance Recent Achievements 1997:Square Pharmaceuticals received the National Export Trophy as recognition to its contribution to national economy through export 006: SAFA (South Asian Federation of Accountants) – an apex body of SAARC (South Asian Association of Regional Cooperation) awarded Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd. the Merit Certificate for the year 2006 in the Manufacturing Sector of SAFA Best Presented Accounts Awards Competition 2006 2009: Square Pharmaceuticals Limited awarded as the Enterpri se of the year and the winner of Bangladesh Business Award 2009 Organogram Figure: Organogram of Square Pharmaceuticals Limited Contribution to National Economy The pharmaceutical sector attained a growth of 6. 91% during the year 2008 as against 15. 80% during the previous year. The national pharma market growth and that of the company during the past few years are given below: Year |National Growth Rate |Company’s Growth Rate | |2004 |8. 60% |13. 08% | |2005 |17. 50% |14. 30% | |2006 |4. 08% |22. 94% | |2007 |15. 80% |9. 81% | |2008 |6. 1% |18. 83% | Chapter Two Objectives Short term objective To conduct transparent business operation based on market mechanism within the legal social frame work with aims to attain the mission reflected by the company’s vision. Long term objective To produce and provide quality innovative healthcare relief for people, maintain stringently ethical standard in business operation also ensuring benefit to the shareholders, stakeholders and the society at large. Social objectives †¢ To provide top quality health care products at the least cost reaching the lowest rungs of the economic class of people in the country. To fulfill of our responsibility to the government through payment of entire range of due taxes, duties and claims by various public agencies like municipalities etc. †¢ To avoid malpractices, anti-environmental behaviors, unethical and immoral activities and corruptive dealings. †¢ To ensure equality between sexes, races, religions and regions in all spheres of our operation without any discriminatory treatment. †¢ To ensure an environment free from pollution and poisoning. †¢ To give a hand for the achievement of millennium development goals for the human civilization Chapter Three Planning Planning Planning is the beginning of every venture.Sound, intelligent planning is the key to every successful venture. The development of planning was accelerated enormously by the industr ial revolution. There could have been no mass production without planning and effective transportation and communication. Planning covers a wide range of decisions, including the clarification of objectives, establishment of policies, mapping of programs and campaigns, determining specific methods and procedures and fixing day to day schedules. Figure: Planning precedes all other managerial functions Planning at Square Pharmaceuticals Limited Fundamentally there are two types of comprehensive corporate planning.The first is intuitive-anticipatory planning which is generally the work of one person and often does not result in a set of written plans generally has a short time horizon and reaction time; it is based on past experience, the judgment and manager’s reflective thinking. When planning for an individual staff working for a subdivision of Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Bangladesh, the individual has to use his / her experience, judgment and at times, intuition to make dec isions. Such plans are non-written and its validity is for a short-term. These plans can be changed frequently if situation demands. However, the formal long-range planning is research-based, involves the work of many people and results in a set of written plans. In Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd. any division or subdivision planning is done on the basis of extensive research, discussion and is usually in a written form, long-term basis and are not subject to frequent, abrupt changes. Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd. believes that experience points out the fundamental dos and donot’s in organizing, planning and other managerial functions. This must be understood if successful planning is to be achieved. All successful plans have common fundamental characteristics despite differing operational details. However, the insight gained through experience must be applied in the applicable areas. If the experience is applied in the wrong place the outcome will be disastrous. The planning proce ss is essentially top-down at Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd.The top management formulates strategies in the corporate level which is converted into divisional, then sub divisional and at last individual objective. The corporate head-office of Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd. is in â€Å"Square Centre†, 48, Mohakhali C. A, Dhaka-1212, Bangladesh, which is the actual policy maker and the policy made by them is later applied to all other departments. Planning of Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd. is not restricted to a department or a number of departments. Instead the entire process of planning is divided into two broad categories Strategic Planning (carried out at the top of the organization) and Operational Planning (which is carried out at different divisions).The following shows Planning Unit as a whole- Corporate Office, Dhaka Board of Directors General Managers Division Heads Subdivision Heads Figure: Organogram of the Planning Unit. Planning by objectives Objectives or goals are the e nds towards which activity is aimed. They represent not only the end point but also end toward which: organizing, staffing, leading and controlling are aimed. Objectives form a hierarchy, ranging from the broad aim to specific individual objectives. At the zenith of the hierarchy is the purpose, which has two dimensions: First- The purpose of society Second- The purpose of business Figure: Planning by objective Plans 1.Strategic Plan: In Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd strategic planning is limited to the heads of all the divisions / departments and the General Manager. The organogram of the Strategic Planning Unit: Board of Directors Management Committee Divisional Heads Figure: Organogram of the Strategic Planning Unit. Once the policy for a new product is set by the corporate office of Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd, the General Manager of each sector along with the heads of each division consult / discuss with the heads of all subdivisions. After such discussion, the heads of each divisi on prepare their division’s proposed plan which is sent for the General Manager’s approval. The General Manager then gives the final decision.Once approved and signed by the division heads, the division heads pass on the objectives and the chain continues downward along the organizational hierarchy until everyone knows what their individual goals are, what tasks to accomplish and how their work contribute to their divisional and organizational goal. 2. Operational Plan: Operational planning consists of the day to day plans, policies and rules of an organization. In operational planning mainly top-down approach is applied. At Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd, operational planning is carried out at different hierarchy levels. This is done because it is believed that since managers have direct responsibility for some phase of operating results, they should have some say in setting meaningful and attainable objectives.Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd uses a participative management ap proach (In the top level management) in setting objectives. The concern believes in setting a goal for each individual for effective and efficient achievement of overall divisional and organizational goal. Operational planning at Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd starts off with the division heads and the General Manager designing a business plan for the next operating period. This plan is trickled down to the division heads who decide on the specific objectives that their divisions will have to achieve in order to meet the overall organizational goals. The division heads then pass on the objectives to the respective subdivision heads that analyze the objectives and check their viability.Individual staff within the subdivisions decides on their task and responsibilities (depending on their competence, experience and ability to handle multiple responsibilities). The feedback from the individual staff of every subdivision goes to the subdivision head and then to the division head. Heads make any alterations or modifications if required and send their feedback to the General Manager. Heads of all divisions are continuously trying to create a balance between available resource (human, capital and technical) with the General Manager’s demands / set goals. Finally after evaluating all aspects, the final plan (along with goals, strategies) is decided upon by the General Manager. Then the plan is assigned to every division and subdivision head.This is how the heads and individual workers decide on how far they can contribute and how they can do so within the given resource base and time. Thus the approved and signed operational plan is passed downwards for implementation. The chain continues downward along the organizational hierarchy until everyone knows exactly what their duties and tasks are, what is required of them to accomplish their own divisional and organizational goal. The feedback is received once the plan is in the process of implementation. Once undergoin g implementation, the sub divisional staff give feedback as how the plan is working. The subdivision heads report to the division heads who again inform the General Manager of the implementation.If the efforts are being directed toward the attainment of the desired goal then there is no change the heads ask their subordinates to continue their good work. However, if the division or subdivision heads feel that there are deviations then corrective actions are taken. In case of extreme difficulty, the General Manager is informed and the operational plan may be modified or changed to ensure proper accomplishment of operational tasks. There are various types of operational plans used by Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd such as: programs, projects, budgets, policies, standard programs and rules. Planning process of Square Pharmaceuticals LimitedFigure: Planning Process of Square Pharmaceuticals Limited Planning Premises Premises are defined as the anticipated environment in which plans are exp ected to operate. It includes the forecasting of future and known conditions that will affect plan’s operation. The premises must be carefully considered when planning takes place. The plan, although made at one point in time, will actually operate in future which is full uncertainty. Therefore, effective and efficient planners must agree and utilize consistent planning premise. Forecasting is a prerequisite to planning and also is the result of planning. Both are translated into future expectancies from actual plans developed.Making educated assumptions depending on past experience and knowledge is essential in forecasting the environment / sales. ENVIRONMENTAL FORECASTING Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd believes accurate forecasting of its environment is crucial for proper planning. The planners at the concern take into account the human and material resources available to them, opportunities and threats, compute the optimum method of reaching their objective and proceed toward the attainment of desired goal. Not only the economic but the social, cultural, technological and political-legal environments must be selected for making forecasts which in turn will ensure effective planning. SALES FORECAST KEY PLANS AND PREMISESales forecast is the prediction of expected sales for a certain period. For Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd the sales forecast is in the form of number and face-value of the deposits made or lending products sold, number of cards sold etc. The sales forecast at the concern is done by the top-managers (heads in joint collaboration with the General Manager) which are the Jury of Executive Opinion method. This forecasting method is one where the General Manager gives the final word based on others views / opinions. Square Pharmaceuticals planning is based on the following four premises which are strictly adhered to by the management of Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd. DYNAMIC NATURE OF A CONCERNSquare Pharmaceuticals Ltd recognizes the fact that the organization is dynamic in nature and as staff changes occur (through termination, resignation, death/retirement), the organization also changes. Therefore, each organization is unique no universal approach can be applied to all. The comprehensive plans must fit the characteristics of the organization for which it has been designed. Due to the dynamic nature of the organization there must be leeway for contingent plans. Square Pharmaceuticals planning unit meets every month to follow-up on the performance of each division and subdivision. In case of any contingency the division and subdivision heads bring the matter to the General Manager’s knowledge and take necessary action accordingly. GROWING NUMBER OF COMPETITORS SNATCHING THE CONCERN’S CUSTOMERSRecent emergence of many foreign and local banks in the banking scenario also poses a positive threat to Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd. For a very long time the concern was the only foreign bank operating in Bangladesh. But the formation of new local banks and entrance of foreign competitors which is likely to increase further is one factor the concern cannot ignore. These competing banks will not only compete for customers / market share but also for reputation which has been the major strength of Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd for almost a hundred years. RISING AWARENESS OF THE CUSTOMERS’, THEIR GROWING DEMANDS AND DECREASING LOYALTY TOWARDS THE CONCERN The customers of today are far more aware of their rights and demand for highest quality service.At times if the concern fails to meet the customers high standards, the customers may link a single isolated incident and shift their accounts to other competing Pharmaceuticals. The loyalty of the customers is constantly decreasing when confronted with better deals / attractive packages offered by other banks. This factor is also an important one to consider for the concern. Forecasting and premising are, therefore, two essential activities that must be undertaken properly to ensure planning is effectiveness and efficiency. Chapter Four Organizing Organizing in Square Pharmaceuticals Limited Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd is in essence a people centered organization whose all pervasive aim is to maximize profits through investments in human resource.It is this ultimate objective which defines and informs the organization structure of the concern at every level starting from the very top at the board of directors down to the factory supervisors i. e. the building blocks of the concern. Each personnel at every level of this structure have a role to play in the eventual achievement of Square Pharmaceuticals goals. Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd is organized: a voluntary configuration of roles has been established that will enhance performance through furnishing an ideal environment. At Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd, the organizational structure is important not for its own sake but for its contribution to goals. This is in keeping with the b est organizational practices. It is evident that the concern is a formal organization as the term has been defined by Barnard.His broad definition referred to the activities of two or more people consciously coordinated toward a given objective, the essence being conscious common purpose. Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd meets these criteria very well. It is a complex organization but the activities of its people are coordinated towards that final goal profit maximization for Square Pharmaceuticalsceutical’s and self-sufficiency and social security for the employees. It is at the heart of the concern’s every action, at the same time, the structure permits its primary human resource the managers and the workers to use their creative talents and recognizes individual capacities and weaknesses. Fears of restrictive dangers of a formal organization are thus dispelled.Square Pharmaceutical’s structure fulfils the principal of efficiency (an organizational structure is e fficient if it facilitates accomplishment of objectives by people, i. e. , is effective with the minimum unsought consequences or costs) in addition to the principle of unity of objective (an organizational structure is effective if it facilitates the contribution of individuals in the attainment of enterprise objectives). Types of Departmentation 1. Functional Departmentation: The important departments at Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd are namely – Pharmaceutical, Chemical, and Agro-Vet etc. These are all part of the Square Pharmaceuticals support unit and are divided on the basis of functions performed. So, the functional departments are: i. Pharmaceuticals Division- Manufacturer of finished dosage forms. ii.Chemical Division- Manufacturer of bulk drugs. iii. Agro-Vet Division- Manufacturer of finished Agro-Vet products 2. Service Departmentation: Service departments are as follows i. Finance and Audit Division ii. Information Technology Division iii. Marketing Division- PMD ; MSD iv. Human Resource Division 3. Territory Departmentation: Territory Departmentation are as follows: Figure: Territory Departmentation Recruitment Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd’s staffing (filling organizational positions with qualified people) is done in two ways. These are recruitment as a Management Trainee or as Probationary Officer. In case of a Management Trainee, there is a written exam.After passing the written exam the probation period is nine months. After completion of the probationary period, the trainee joins as a fifth grade officer. The career path of each trainee is headed toward different managerial jobs. A Probationary Officer (Officer Trainee) is the second way of getting in the concern. An Officer Trainee is one who joins for a probationary period of one to one and a half year and if performance is satisfactory then he / she is retained as a fourth grade officer. The career path of an Officer Trainee is not as smooth as that of the Management Trainee and the career progression is a lengthy process. Sources of Recruitment INTERNALThe internal sources are employees who already exist at Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd Limited They are recruited through promotion, training, transfer, etc. In practice, whenever there is a vacancy, management looks for a candidate within the organization. This priority to internal recruitment process is given due to the lengthy and critical process of internalizing the Square Pharmaceutical Limited’s philosophy. EXTERNAL External sources of the employees for Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd Limited submit application letters for their recruitment. Most of these employees would come from the several educational institutions in Bangladesh including the IBA. But the organization prefers Pharmacists, chemists, doctors and paramedics with MBA. Recruitment and Selection ProcessRecruitment and selection -Recruitment policy of Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd: 1. Recruitment is made against sanctioned set-up posts and budg et provision. 2. Recruitment is processed only when vacancies are needed to be filled up from amongst the existing human inventory. 3. Inter-department candidates through promotion fill up Eighty percent. 4. Department candidates are allowed to sit for tests and interview with outsiders. Figure: Recruitment ; Selection Procedure in Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Compensation Policy and benefit packages Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd offers various compensation packages beside the basic salary. The packages given here are:Performance Appraisal Techniques Need for performance appraisal at Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd †¢ Making personnel decisions including recruitment and selection process †¢ Evaluation of actual performance †¢ Determining the weaknesses and strong points of each employee †¢ Assessment of training and development need †¢ Used for reward granting selection †¢ Guide to job change including promotion, transfer, etc. †¢ Awareness of each employee s individual differences †¢ Allows top management to become familiar with each employee †¢ To test effectiveness of a training program †¢ To stimulate confidence in fairness of management †¢ To motivate employees to improve To encourage talent and sincerity in employees. Use of Performance Appraisal PROMOTION Workers are promoted based on their ACR and also the judgment of their immediate superior. Employees at the officer level (i. e. managers and above) and at the non-officer level (i. e. below manager) require a minimum of point in the ACR. Another criterion for promotion is the job age of the employee which, at the current position, must be more than three years. If there is more than one candidate for a single post with all the necessary points and job age, then other criteria like past records, age, efficiency, reliability, etc. are considered. INCREMENTSquare Pharmaceuticals Ltd employees have a fixed percentage of increment every year. This percentage var ies at different levels of promotion. The percentage rate is quite high at the top levels and low at the bottom levels. So increment percentages are determined with the help of ACR’s. ADVICE FOR IMPROVEMENT After the performance of the employee has been evaluated, the management might decide that one particular employee with satisfactory ACR may have the potential to improve more. So management sends the ACR as well as a recommendation letter to the immediate superior of the subordinate and tells him to keep close supervision on that subordinate.Types of Training Different types of training used in Square Pharmaceuticals are given below: †¢ Employee training. †¢ Employee development. EMPLOYEE TRAINING Training is more present-day oriented; its focus is on individuals’ current jobs, enhancing those specific skills and abilities to immediately perform their jobs. Although you have a Business administration degree, you’ll need to learn the company’ s product line, your territory, and other pertinent selling tactics. This, by definition, is job-specific training, or training that is designed to make you more effective in your present job. TRAINING PROGRAM On-the-job training Off-the-job trainingA) ON-THE-JOB TRAINING On-the-job training places the employees in actual work situations and makes them appear to be immediately productive. It is learning by doing. APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAMS People seeking to enter skilled trades—to become, for example, plumbers, electricians, or ironworkers—are often required to undergo apprenticeship training before they are accepted to expert status. ENTRY-LEVEL TRAINING This is arranged for those who are in a probation period. This is a training program where a mentor relationship is prescribed and the program is fully job oriented. If the employee can fulfill the requirement then he is finally confirmed. Some of these are:Effective management System (EMS) Development of Effective Detai ling Aids (DEDA) Introduction to Product Management (IPM) B) OFF-THE JOB TRAINING Off-the-job training covers a number of techniques—classroom lectures, films, demonstrations, case studies, and other simulation exercises, and programmed instruction. SEMINARS OR CONFERENCES In Square Pharmaceuticals the seminar or conference approach is well adapted to conveying specific information—rules, procedures, or methods. The use of audio-visual or demonstrations can often make formal seminar presentations more interesting while increasing retention and possibly clarifying more difficult points. EMPLOYEE DEVELOPMENTEmployee development, by design, is more future oriented and more concerned with education than employee training. By education we mean that employee development activities attempt to instill sound reasoning processes- to enhance one’s ability to understand and interpret knowledge- rather than imparting a body of facts or teaching a specific set of motor skills . Development, therefore, focuses more on the employee’s personal growth. EMPLOYEE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM Some development of an individual’s abilities can take place on the job. We will review four popular on-the-job techniques: coaching, understudy assignments, job rotation, and committee assignments. †¢ On the job method †¢ Off the job MethodA) ON-THE JOB METHODS UNDERSTUDY ASSIGNMENTS The busy schedules in Square Pharmaceuticals are characterized by a particular phenomenon; a rapid rise in the use of understudy assignments to replace vacationing personnel. By understudy assignments, we mean that employees with demonstrated potentials are given the opportunity to relieve an experienced employee of his or her job and act as his or her substitute during the period. This label also describes permanent â€Å"assignment to† positions as well as temporary opportunities to assist senior employees in completing their jobs. JOB ROTATION Another method used in S quare Pharmaceuticals is job rotation.Job rotation involves moving employees to various positions in the organization in an effort to expand their skills, knowledge and abilities. Job rotation can be either horizontal or vertical. Vertical rotation is nothing more than promoting a worker into a new position. Horizontal job transfers can instituted (1) on planned basis—that is, by means of a development program whereby the worker spends two or three months in an activity and is then moved on; or (2) on a situational basis—that is, by moving the person to another activity when the first is no longer challenging to him or her, or to meet the needs of work scheduling. ASSIGNMENT TO COMMITTEEFinally, assignment to a committee provides an opportunity for the employee in Square Pharmaceuticals to share in decision making, to learn by watching others, and to investigate specific organizational problems. When committees are of an â€Å"ad hoc† or temporary nature, they o ften take on task force activities designed to delve into a particular problem, ascertain alternative solutions, and make a recommendation for implementing a solution. These temporary assignments are both interesting r

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Growing Criminal Law Special Issues - Assignment Example Growing Criminal Law Special Issues The U.S. Department of Justice (2011) notes, there is need of urgency in addressing growing criminal special issues. The department observes that most public opinion polls rank crime and fear of crime as one of the most important issues that need to be addressed. Racketeering is one of the special crimes and is becoming a growing issue in criminal law; it’s part of organized crime whose main aim is to entrench continual patronage (Eskridge, 2010). Administrators and public policymakers in the criminal justice system are paying more attention to this growing issue in the criminal law and its complexity. There is need for traditional criminal justice system to undergo fundamental rethinking that aims at responding appropriately to this growing criminal law issue. Therefore, criminal justice policies such as community corrections, policing, imprisonment, sentencing, and adjudication needs to be changed in significant way to respond to these eme rging special issue in criminal law (Neese, 2003). ... First it is important to understand how RICO criminal defense practice came about. This practice emerged as a result of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) Act which was passed by the Congress in 1970 Blakey (2008). The Act was appropriate at that time as the Congress was seeking to eliminate the adverse consequences of organized crime on the economy of the United States. Since then, the Act has been expanded to include several other procedures of crime. Neese (2003) notes that the Act plays critical role in enabling the federal government in fighting international and national dimensions of organized crime such as racketeering. The fact that organized crimes and racketeering in particular is a threat to public safety cannot be disputed. That is why for over the years particularly in the 1970s and the early 1980s, the RICO criminal defense practice has been performing relatively well (Blakey, 2008). However, it has been noted that in the most recent of times the performance of this practice has declined considerably. Anderson and Jackson (2004) argue that this decline is highly attributed to the effort that the United States government is putting to crack down on organized crimes. In particular, the government has focused on two main areas in its fight against these crimes; business that are employing individuals who are not legally allowed to work in the United states and focus on illegal immigrants who are engaging in organized crimes. The U.S. Department of Justice (2011) notes that organized crimes such as those covered in the RICO Act are being perpetrated by the immigrants especially from Russia thus undermining creation of the rule of law efforts. This explains the reason why the fight against organized crimes has

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Economics case study Essay Example for Free

Economics case study Essay (a) Explain whether health care is a private , merit or public care (b) Is health care a free good? Explain your answer (c) Does the quote from the doctor suggest that the market for healthcare is in equilibrium? Again explain your answer (d) Compare the effects of an improvement in the quality of product provided by the NHS and that provided by a private health care company (e) Explain 2 meanings of the word efficiency (f) What is likely to happen to private sector firms which are not efficient? (g) In which market structure is information about best practice likely to be most freely available (h) Discuss the private and external benefits of health care. a) A public good is a good that is a benefit to society and is provided free of cost to society, usually by the government running the country. Theses goods are not provided by private companies and firms as they do not render profit, which thus leads to a market failure due to a lack of provision of public/merit goods. Examples for such goods are roads, streetlights, education, public libraries etc. NHS (National Health Service) is a public good and government organization. It is a service that is free at the point of delivery because society pays for it indirectly through taxes. The NHS provides free healthcare to society, this is especially beneficial for the low income group sector of society thus making it a public good. The demand for this service is high, as healthcare is very expensive in the private sector. As the law of demand states that when the prices increase demand decreases. Here there is no actual price for the service thus the demand must be high. But sometimes this high demand creates a problem as the supply cannot be met; public goods are goods that do not render profits. And thus these organizations are run by government spending and may not really be updated with the best quality as they have a limit in their budgets. They do not have the quality of being efficient as they do not make profits from their services. b) A free good is good that is not scarce, has a zero market price and do not have any opportunity costs when consumed. The key word is opportunity cost. (***Free good is a term used in economics to describe a good that is not scarce. A free good is available in as great a quantity as desired with zero opportunity cost to society.) Opportunity cost is the cost of forgoing one opportunity for another. For example A school has been given 10,000$ and it can either spend it on books and supplies or on a new gym. Thus the opportunity cost to build the gym would be the loss of not buying books and vice versa. An example for free good can be sunlight, air, salt water etc. Considering healthcare, it can be noted that healthcare does not fall into the category of free good. It is an economic good even a public organization like the NHS. As NHS is a government funded subject, it is actually just a free service at the point of delivery. The taxpayers pay for this good; therefore it does have a market value indirectly through taxes. And it is not a resource that is available all the time, thus making it limited and not scarce. As it is government funded, the government can choose to spend their money on something else instead of healthcare. Therefore there is an opportunity cost to providing healthcare. The government can may spend the same amount on public structures (roads, streetlights, traffic lights or on education etc). As provision of healthcare has an opportunity cost, it makes it an economic good and not a free good. (*** Economic good is a good that has an opportunity cost thus giving it a price and hence making it scarce.) c) The market for healthcare (pubic healthcare) is not in equilibrium as the doctor quoteswe just get more patients and we cant cope with anymore. Therefore suggesting that the supply cannot meet the demand and thus the market equilibrium is not met. Market equilibrium is when the market is in a stage where the demand meets the supply. For eg In the figure below, we see that at price P1 the quantity Q1 is both demanded and supplied. Thus the market in equilibrium at the price P1 since the quantity of goods that people wish to buy at price Q1 is equal to quantity of the goods the supplier wants to sell at that price. This price P1 is also called as market clearing price, as everything produced is sold. The market thus remains in equilibrium. The healthcare sector (NHS) does not follow this structure of market equilibrium. The figure below shows the demand for healthcare in the private and public healthcare. This follows the demand laws that when prices increase then the demand for the good decreases as can be in seen in the demand for private healthcare services. Whereas the demand for public healthcare is very high as the price is very low or minimal. (Figure 1) Figure 2 When the prices are low then the suppliers supply less of their goods. In the case of healthcare (public healthcare), the providers of this services may not be provide less of their services but the quality and efficiency may be less and improvements may not be made as they are Government organizations and do not have the funds to do so. Figure 3 shows that because of the low prices the demand for the service increases to Q2 and the healthcare providers can only provide services till Q*. More is being demanded than supplied, and thus there is a shortage as there is an excess of demand. Therefore the market equilibrium is altered as the supply does not meet the demand. d) Improvements in the quality provided by the NHS and the private healthcare company. The private sectors main motive is to earn profit. Any private company or firms main goal is to earn profit. This can be done by having a large consumer base, thus to get achieve a large consumer base the firms continuously improve their services and are always striving for efficiency. Therefore an improvement in the private healthcare sector would not make a big difference as these firms are already always trying to provide better services to the consumers in order to make profits. Even though the prices are higher than the public sector people would with money would chose to a private clinic rather than a government healthcare facility, as it would be wiser for them to make use of the better healthcare facilities. If there are improvements in the public sector, the efficiency of the sector is improved and a lot more people would prefer going to public healthcare facilities rather than spending more money for the same service at a private clinic. The demand for the private healthcare services would decrease, and the firms would have to come up with innovative methods to restore their consumer base as a majority of the consumers would prefer paying less for healthcare for the same services provided by the private sector. The private healthcares may even have to shut down due to increasing costs in running their facilities and fewer buyers for their services thus decreasing the revenue they earn. There would be a producer loss for the private sector and a consumer gain for the consumers as they pay for good quality healthcare at a cheaper rate. But this would mean more government spending on healthcare to ensure that the new improvements continue. Or the government may increase the taxes, and thus the tax payers would have to pay more taxes in order for better public healthcare. e) Efficiency getting any given results with smallest inputs or getting maximum output from minimum inputs Efficiency can be classified into 2 categories * Efficiency in consumption ( Allocative efficiency ) * Efficiency in production ( Productive efficiency ) Allocating resources among consumers so that it would not be possible by any re allocation to make people better off without making anyone worse off is called efficiency in consumption. Allocative efficiency in simple terms can be put as doing the right thing. Defining Allocative efficiency when there is no waste in resources in the production of goods, allocative efficiency is maximized. This occurs when there is 0 excess demand and supply in the market (S=D). For eg when a firm produces 5000 flower pots but the market enables the firm to sell only 3500 then the resources have gone waste by producing the excess 1500 goods and there is an inefficiency in the allocation of resources as they could have been better allocated. The firm could have used the same amount of resources for something like fertilizers which would have had a higher demand. Therefore the allocative optimality occurs when the supply equals demand on the market. Allocating available resources between industries so that it will not be possible to produce more of some goods without producing less of others is called efficiency in production. Productive efficiency occurs when goods are produced at the lowest possible cost per unit, taking into account all costs arising. A firm is productively efficient when total use of resources (factors) result in the lowest possible cost per unit of output. This would be the point where average total is minimized. Productive efficiency means doing things right. In the healthcare sector being economically efficient as well as productively efficient is what the private clinics, hospitals etc aim for. To supply the maximum output at the cost of minimum inputs. f) Private firms that are inefficient would not be able to compete with other firms in a competitive market. If a firm is inefficient, the demand for the firms services and goods decrease and the firms consumer base will move on to another firm that does provide efficient goods and services. Or if a firm is allocatively inefficient then its resources go waste and it is unable to make the same revenue like it would have if it had used proper allocation of resources. Lack of productive efficiency would lead to the cost of production to be higher therefore the firm would suffer losses. Taking the 3 different situations in private healthcare * Inefficient services and quality provided: would lead to the loss of customers and eventually revenue, and more competition from other firms. * Improper allocation of resources(spending): spending and wasting money on frivolous items such as curtains and dà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½cor rather than medicines and treatment facilities , the firm would have a decrease in revenue again as people would expect top quality services rather than fancy dà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½cor. * Costs of production and services revenue earned = loss: the firm has spent a lot more on setting up the place and is not gaining maximum profits in return thus being productively inefficient. g) In a private structure information about best practice is likely to be freely available, as in public sectors there is not much incentive to improve techniques and skills. Whereas in the private sector the commercial organizations have an economic incentive to introduce better practices for both market leadership which leads to profits. Eg 2 dentist clinics each one comes up with newer faster and high quality technology for braces such as clinic1 comes up with invisible braces and clinic 2 to outdo clinic 1 comes up with invisible painless clear fit on braces to form a larger consumer market. Whereas in public sector there would be no such highlight as there is no one to compete against and no economic incentive. h) Merit goods are goods that are beneficial to the society and include services like healthcare defense etc. The marginal social benefits in providing healthcare are greater than the marginal production costs. For this reason healthcare is normally left up to the government to provide in many countries as private sector owners find no profit making scheme through it. The private and external benefits of healthcare are many. * Society remains healthy * When society remains healthy then the major workforce remains fit as well * Provision of healthcare = public good, like the NHS makes it easily accessible to the low income society. * If the main workforce of a country has access to healthcare, the overall development of a country increases. * The government also encourages the use /consumption of this service, as it is beneficial for all. * The healthcare services provided, if of good quality, makes sure that everyone in society gets their vaccines, health checkups etc. Thus ensuring that everyone is stable and in a well fit environment. * These services are more beneficial for the lower middle and poorer section of society. The poor do not need to spend much of their little incomes and are assured of the basic services.

Breaking the Bonds of Oppression in Susan Glaspells A Jury of Her Peer

Breaking the Bonds of Oppression in A Jury of Her Peers  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Susan Glaspell’s "A Jury of Her Peers" is a view into the lives of farmer’s wives in the Midwest at the turn of the century. These women live in a male dominated world, where the men consider them incompetent and frivolous. The only identity they have is that associated with their husbands. They stay at the farmhouse to complete their repetitive and exhausting chores. The wives have little or no contact with the other people because of the distances between farms. Glaspell uses her female characters to rebel against the inequalities that women face and to prove that women are competent and when pushed too far --strike back. The male dominant society that is condescending, controlling, denies individuality, demands submission, and is abusive toward women, is a society that punishes and deprives itself. It is a society that is harmful and hurtful, not only to the women, but to the men as well. Typical of the male dominant frame of mind, the men’s view of the women in "A Jury of Her Peers" is condescending from start to finish. Putting a slight twist on Shakespeare’s famous metaphor, "The world is a stage", the men are the puppeteers, and the women "merely" puppets, evidences the men’s beliefs (Act II, scene 7, lines 143-144). The men believe they are superior and more intelligent than the women are. The feeling of superiority is evident in Mr. Hale’s comment, "women are used to worrying over trifles" (Glaspell 186). Similarly, these feelings of superiority are shown in the county attorney’s musings over whether the women would "know a clue if they came upon it" (Glaspell 187). Glaspell uses this emotion to create the irony in the story. She shows how ... ...~journals~S~hyp.html&querydocid=1096142 @library_a&dtype=0~0&dinst=0> Sherman, Beth. "The Dirt on Men despite Liberation, Education, Maturation and Good Old Nagging, Women still can’t get their Men to Clean the House. Is it a Lost Cause or is there Some Way to Make Men Come Clean?" 26 Sept. 1992. SI., Newsday. 17 Feb. 1999. <http://www.elibrary.com/s/edumark/getdoc.cgi?id=125920539x0y20939w1& OIDS=0Q002D000&Form=RL&pubname=Newsday&puburl=http~C~~S~~S~ www.newsday.com&querydocid=213927@library_g&dtype=0~0&dinst=0> Walradth, Ellie. "Historian Says Farm Wives a Happy Lot." 21 Feb. 1997. University of Wisconsin. 17 Feb. 1999. <http://www.elibrary.com/s/edumark/getdoc.cgi?id=125920539x0y20939w1& OIDS=0Q002D000&Form=RL&pubname=Newsday&puburl=http~C~~S~~S~ www.newsday.com&querydocid=213927@library_g&dtype=0~0&dinst=0>     

Banana Peels as Alternative Toothpaste

Hydrogen peroxide is a bleaching agent with antimicrobial effects [Gaffar, 1997] that has been used historically, at high concentrations, for the treatment of severe gingivitis. It is an effective bleaching agent that can penetrate enamel to bleach intrinsic stains. Papain is a naturally occurring enzyme that dissolves protein. There is some evidence to show that the combination of papain and citrate can remove superficial tooth staining.Sodium tripolyphosphate (STP) slows the growth of crystals and so inhibits the formation and growth of hard deposits of mineralized plaque (calculus). [Kohut et al., 1997] At higher concentrations, STP breaks down the stain matrix. It does this by removing calcium bridges between the stain molecules and surface proteins on the teeth, making the stain easier to remove.ABRASIVESAbrasives in toothpaste help remove stains and plaque as well as polish teeth. Common abrasives include silica and calcium carbonate. Toothpaste should be abrasive enough to rem ove plaque and stains, but not so abrasive as to damage tooth enamel.TOOTH DESENSITISING INGREDIENTSPotassium nitrate is used in products to reduce hypersensitivity from exposed dentinal surfaces. Strontium – agents based on strontium reduce the pain from sensitive teeth by blocking the tubules in the exposed dentine.FLAVOURS AND GUMSFlavours – the natural oils and flavours used in oral healthcare products include wintergreen, eucalyptus oil, menthol and thymol. It has been suggested that natural oils may work by reducing the levels of bacterial toxins in the plaque. [Mandel 1988] Gums – various gums are used to thicken toothpaste, but also to retain moisture, so the toothpaste does not dry out if the top is not replaced.CARIES PREVENTIVE INGREDIENTSFluoride may be included in oral health products in many forms, including sodium fluoride (NaF), sodium monofluorophosphate, amine fluoride and stannous fluoride. Fluoride strengthens the teeth against caries by maki ng the enamel less soluble and by promoting remineralization. [Manson & Eley, 1995]At the same time, it interferes with the metabolism of plaque bacteria and so may help inhibit plaque acid production. [Slots & Taubman, 1992] Calcium glycerophosphate (CaGP) has been reported to increase the amount of fluoride that is taken up into tooth enamel. [Forward et al., 1979] CaGP present in the toothpaste has also been reported to increase the amount of calcium and phosphate available for the remineralization of enamel. [Duke et al., 1979]ANTIBACTERIAL AND pH-MODIFYING INGREDIENTSChlorhexidine salts are antimicrobial agents that are effective against a wide variety of bacteria. [Collins & Walsh, 1992] They have been reported to inhibit plaque acid production. [Manson & Eley, 1995; Marsh, 1992]Triclosan is a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent in toothpaste and mouthwash. At low concentrations it interferes with the uptake of nutrients into bacterial cells and inhibits their growth. At higher concentrations, triclosan is bactericidal. [Zuckerbraum et al., 1998] Zinc salts exert an antimicrobial effect by inhibiting a variety of bacterial enzyme reactions, [Mandel, 1988] including the breakdown of sugar into plaque acid. Zinc, used in combination with other substances, has been shown to reduce calculus.It is also reported to be effective against halitosis as zinc ions have an affinity for sulfur compounds, reported to be primary components of bad breath, and convert offensive sulfur compounds to non-volatile substances. [Waler, 1997] Baking soda (bicarbonate of soda) has the potential to modify the pH of plaque, and possibly the activity of the bacteria that cause tooth decay. It may also interfere with plaque metabolism and so reduce acid production. [Legier-Vargas et al., 1995] Sodium lauryl sulfate is a foaming, cleaning and dispersing agent with antibacterial properties.

Economic development in low income countries Essay

It is no secret that despite the breakthroughs in international economic dynamics, development is still elusive to some of the world’s poorer countries. However, current trends indicate that some of these low income nations are actually faring much better than others. Countries like China, Vietnam, and India might be well on their way to economic prosperity. The purpose of this paper is to identify the current aspects that affect economic progress and identify existing trends within those aspects. This paper gauges the sensitivity of low income countries to such trends. In particular, this paper discusses the aspects of globalization and education; the parts that each of these aspects play in determining the economic fate of low income countries. In the continuing rise of globalization, lines that have previously separated nations are now being blurred. The advent of free trade a few decades passed has increased not only economic, but cultural interactions among countries worldwide. These developments preview a globalized perspective of the economy, where the concept of nation as an economic barrier because of tariffs and trade regulations may no longer apply. If we look at how low income countries fare in the light of a globalizing world market, there are varied effects that can be observed. The influx of multinational corporations into countries of the third world brought about by the prospect of more affordable labor boosts employment rates and strengthens these countries’ current economic standing. Countries like India, Vietnam, and the Philippines currently thrive on jobs provided by various outsourcing corporations from the United States and Europe. On the other hand, some countries tend to suffer trade abuse from countries with stronger markets when it comes to the lowering of trade barriers. Without trade barriers on foreign products, the local companies of poorer countries find it much harder to compete with their foreign counterparts. The larger companies obviously have greater capital and can afford to lower prices much more than local smaller companies. On the other hand despite the lowering of tariffs in the countries where larger companies are based, smaller companies from other countries who want to enter into those markets still have a hard time. A good example of this can be seen in the case of China and the Philippines. China’s booming economy exported goods worth over $18. 6 million into the Philippines in 2005 while the Philippines was only able to export $2. 3 million (Rogers, 2006). Clearly, smaller companies in the Philippines are sorely outclassed by Chinese capital and cheap labor. China has is in fact making remarkable market headway in the international arena despite the prevailing low average income per annum of U. S. $2,040. With regards to direct investment, smaller companies yet find themselves outgunned once more by their larger competitors. Direct investment allows large companies to infiltrate chap labor markets where smaller companies operate. They are able to offer higher wages to workers from smaller companies owing largely to wide differences in capital which is boosted more by differences in foreign currencies. On the other hand, smaller companies neither have the ability nor the need to expand their workforce and operations into other countries. Foreign direct investment is not only useless to them, but it also creates an avenue for their workers to be pirated by larger foreign companies. Therefore it can be concluded that globalization is value neutral when it comes improving the economy of low income countries. Both India and the Philippines experienced long colonized rule which resulted to staggering economies in both cases. Yet after their freedom from their respective conquerors, the economics as well as other aspects of advancement in either country took different turns. Economically, India lagged behind the Philippines for many years proceeding World War II, but India’s investment in education eventually paid off. The Indian government sets aside as much as 55% of the national budget for the development of basic and tertiary education from since 1968 (Basham, 2005). The Philippines also allocates considerable budget in education but rampant corruption in the country prevents any authentic development from occurring. As a result, the country fared consistently low in successive Trends in Mathematics and Science Studies examinations conducted in 1999 and 2004 (Basham, 2005). The trends brought about by education reflect the quality of labor that a country has to offer and consequentially, the strength of its economy. While outsourcing western companies still obtain services from the Philippines for their call centers and medical transcription needs, they go to India for specialized and technological professional services. Therefore it can be concluded that advances in education equate to advances in a country’s economy. It also holds true that countries that make considerable genuine investments in their education system develop a citizenry that fares relatively better in the international job market than countries who do not. In conclusion, there are indeed varying rates of economic development present in low income countries. These rates are partly dictated by trends in globalization and in education. It is imperative for less developed countries to take heed of their neighboring countries’ actions and follow suit, or risk being left behind by a rapidly evolving world economy.

Dangerous jargon - Emphasis

Dangerous jargon Dangerous jargon Jargon can bring clarity for experts and irritation for laypeople, but could it sometimes be life threatening? Yes, according to the coroner heading up the inquest into the London terrorist attacks of 7 July 2005, Lady Justice Hallett. Simple impatience with unclear terms is a more serious problem when it comes to understanding the situation at the scene of an emergency, she asserted on the last day of evidence-giving at the 7/7 hearing. Is it really worth the time it takes to refer to a conference demountable unit from a management centre, rather than a portable incident room, for example? And obscure job titles could confuse and disguise peoples roles, she pointed out. I dont know whether a crew manager is somebody who is responsible for supplies or is used to fighting fires. I have no idea, she said. Jargon has a long history of naysayers, but Lady Justice Halletts criticism touched on the most fundamental practicality of appropriate language. This isnt just somebody being pedantic about the use of English when it comes to managing incidents, people dont understand what the other person is.

10 of the Most Annoying Things about Working in Retail

10 of the Most Annoying Things about Working in Retail Even if you love your career in retail, the common truth is that it can really be a thankless job. It’s wrongly considered a job that â€Å"anyone† could do, but it takes a lot of stamina, skills, and smarts to juggle the many elements of the gig successfully, and with grace. Here are some of the biggest annoyances that often come with retail gigs.1. â€Å"The Customer is Always Right.†That’s just not true. You’ve seen rude customers in stores before, right? As the poor employee  working behind the counter, you have to smile and appease that rude person. You  have to keep your cool while being berated. It’s hospitality under fire. And if a customer walks in five minutes before you’re scheduled to close, then that’s your problem.2. Working Double ShiftsYou’ll often have to work a 12  to 16  hour shift†¦ for minimum wage. And you’ll be standing. The whole time. And a lot of opening hours are early. That means you need to be there two and a half hours prior to open to make sure inventory is done and things are spic and span.3. Old PeopleOld people are lovely, but sometimes someone will come in and pay with a combination of pennies and coupons that they dig out of their purse. Meanwhile the line backs up around the aisles or denim displays and the other customers are growing increasingly irate.4. The SoundtrackSeriously. You get sick of the music within five minutes of shopping. Imagine having to listen to it for hours on end, day after day, month after month.5. Mandatory â€Å"Uniforms†You can’t afford the clothes you sell, even with the 10% employee discount, but still you’re required to wear them. Maybe the company should be required to pay you more, hmm?6. Working HolidaysYou know how you look forward to holidays and three-day weekends and vacations? Yeah, you don’t get those in retail. Because those stores never close. The world doesn’t care if you are fasting for Ramadan, or missing Christmas dinner. You’re working.7. Being Treated Like You’re InvisibleCustomers, even nice customers will often treat you like you aren’t a real person. They’ll be on their phones. They’ll be mumbling at you like you aren’t human. They certainly don’t bother looking at your name tag to ask how your day is going.8. Silly RulesSometimes your company will require you to show up 10 minutes before your shift starts- but won’t compensate you. Sometimes they make stupid rules like outlawing talking between employees. Like that makes employees more positive in their demeanor.9.  Misplaced AngerCustomers hold you personally responsible when things run out of stock. Do they realize you’re not the one that does the ordering? They also get mad if an item was put back on a sale rack by accident, but gets rung up at full price.10. The Pile of Clothes in the Dressing RoomSeriously. Theyâ€⠄¢re not even right-side out.

International Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Management - Essay Example It is very well known that, countries with weakest state of health and education are less susceptible in attaining economic growth than countries, which have prodigious access to health services and education. Among poor countries, those with an infant mortality rate between 50 and 100 per 1,000 live births have an average annual economic growth rate of 3.7 %, whereas those with an infant mortality rate greater than 150 have an average annual growth rate of only 0.1%. Needless to say poor health is a significant factor in the hindrance of a nation's economic growth and may have worldwide implications. An estimate has revealed that, each 10% improvement in life expectancy at birth is associated with a rise in economic growth of at least 0.3 to 0.4 percentage points per year, holding other growth factors constant. That brings us to the convention of globalization, which has the capacity in increasing knowledge and information, technologies, productivity mechanisms, and greater social and cultural interchanges. Building health and education programs, which cater all the need, will promote a sustainable and healthier society. Without such initiatives globalizations positive impact would not be realized. It is high time to admit that both private and public sectors have vital role in creating global interdependence that includes populations who are weak, poor and needy. Based on its highly effective health improvement and... It also plans to launch non-formal primary education to post-war southern Sudan. BARC today has emerged as a fundamental organization touching the lives of around 100 million people through a variety of program interventions covering health, education, nutrition, poverty alleviation and environment. Resources are unevenly scattered across the surface of Earth, and no country has all the resources it needs for survival and growth. Thus, it's a pre-requisite for each country to trade with others, and Earth is a world of increasingly global economic interdependence. Economy is largely dependent on the availability of advanced technology and investment capital. Local and world economies are interconnected to create networks, movement patterns, transportation routes, market areas, and hinterlands. Sweeping changes in the global economy pose greater challenges for developing nations such as Bangladesh and Guatemala, where, economic activities tend to be at a more basic level, with a substantial proportion of the population being engaged in the production of food and raw materials. Since, the concept of global interdependence has touched almost all the spheres, subsistence farming exists sometime with commercial agriculture. For instance, in China, a government-regulated farming system provides for structured production and tight economic links of the rural population to nearby cities. In Latin America and Africa, rural people are abandoning land and migrating to cities in search of jobs and economic prosperity. Economic activities are entirely dependent upon capital, labor, information, resources, power supplies and land. Patterns of industrial labor

Summarize the Article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Summarize the Article - Essay Example population. These results support the notion that those with exceptional longevity may interact with environmental and lifestyle factors differently than others. Lifestyle factors play a larger role in human lifespan than due to genetic factors. The presence of longevity genes in people with exceptional longevity counters the presence of disease-associated genes. To live long and to live a healthy life is the normal expectation of a human being. Two significant factors have been identified for the important role they play in longevity and they are lifestyle and genetic factors. The relative contributions of these two factors are a matter of conjecture. But the scale tilts more in favor of genetic contribution to a healthy life span in those with exceptional longevity may be greater than that in the general population and several genes have been found to be associated with longevity in these individuals. But in studies the lifestyle of this population has received less

Cost Benefit Analysis Math Problem Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Cost Benefit Analysis - Math Problem Example Asymmetric information can lead to disappearance of markets or rather inefficient allocation of resources, which causes the deadweight loss (Brent 98). A deadweight loss can be illustrated on the basis of the following graph. In the absence of government interventions from asymmetrical information, the market is likely to be inefficient thus causing a consumer surplus gain represented by CFEG and a consumer surplus loss represented by DGB. The graph CFEG+GEB represents the producer surplus. Therefore, the deadweight loss in this respect will be represented by DGB+GEB. Therefore, in the absence of the government interventions in a market with asymmetrical information, there is likelihood that the market will experience a deadweight loss represented by the graph DGB+GEB. b. Briefly describe a policy that could partially or entirely eliminate the deadweight loss resulting from information asymmetry. Solution: Deadweight loss results from the inefficiencies within various markets especia lly with respect to asymmetrical information. Efficient markets need symmetrical information to both buyers and producers. In the event that one party has more information than the other then there is likely to be inefficiency within the market, which definitely leads to deadweight loss. Nonetheless, various government policies can be employed in order to eliminate the deadweight loss resulting from information asymmetry (Brent 79). One such government policy is provision of adequate information in various sectors through various interventions such as cost-subsidization policies. The cost-subsidization policy will assist in making sure that every individual buyer has adequate information and access to specific services. c. Use the diagram, indicate the benefits, costs, or transfers that would result from implementing your policy (show these areas on your graph) and describe discuss each. Solution: The government’s involvement in eliminating the deadweight loss is likely to yi eld to various benefits, costs, and possible transfers. Through cost-subsidization programmes, the government will enable the customers to achieve social benefits hence reducing costs in respect to acquisition of goods. The following diagrams illustrate how gained social surpluses will assist in eliminating deadweight loss caused by the information asymmetry. In the above figure, the involvement of the government through cost-subsidization has caused an increase in the social surpluses hence making it possible for the elimination of the deadweight loss within an inefficient market. Another graph illustrating the significance in terms of the costs, benefits, and transfers that consumers may derive from government inventions involving the cost-subsidization policy that aims at providing adequate information regarding the market is represented below. This graph provides an illustration of how consumers benefit from the government invention. The benefits are increase in government reven ue on one hand and gain in the consumer surplus. However, the transfer experienced is the shift of surplus from consumers to producers hence bringing about loss or cost to producers as they lose their surpluses. d. Describe any benefits, costs, or transfers that do not show up in your diagram. Solution: Even though benefits, costs, and transfers are illustrated in the above graphs, there are some costs, benefits,